Besides, recent data (43) indicates that inactivated vaccination may cause pathophysiological changes in vaccine recipients much like those in infected individuals, suggesting that careful consideration is needed when vaccinating children, even with inactivated vaccines that look like safer, especially for children with underlying disease. with mRNA vaccines and adenovirus vector vaccines, inactivated vaccines have a more acceptable security profile, both after initial (RR 1.40, 95% CI 1.04C1.90, = 0.03) and booster (RR 1.84, 95% CI 1.20C2.81, = 0.005) vaccination. The risk of adverse reactions was significantly improved after the 1st and second doses, but there was no significant difference between the 1st two doses (RR 1.00, 95%CI 0.99C1.02, = 0.60). However, the two-dose routine is obviously superior to the single-dose routine A-582941 for immunogenicity and effectiveness. After booster vaccination, both neutralizing antibodies (RR 144.80, 95%CI 44.97C466.24, 0.00001) and RBD-binding antibodies (RR 101.50, 95%CI 6.44C1,600.76, = 0.001) reach optimal levels, but the cellular immune response seemed not to be further enhanced. In addition, compared with younger children, older children and adolescents were at significantly improved risk of adverse reactions after vaccination, with either Rabbit Polyclonal to RPL12 mRNA or inactivated vaccines, accompanied by a stronger immune response. Summary The available evidence suggests that the security, immunogenicity and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines are suitable in people A-582941 aged 3C17 years. However, there is an urgent need for additional multicenter, large-sample studies, especially in younger children under 3 years of age and actually in babies, with long-term follow-up data. Systematic Review Sign up https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021290205, identifier: CRD42021290205. 0.05 indicates that this difference is statistically significant. The = 0.002; Supplementary Number 1, Table 2) adverse reactions was significantly higher in the A-582941 vaccine group than in the control group, within 28 or 30 days after the whole vaccination procedure. However, for severe (RR 2.35, 95%CI 0.78C7.03, = 0.13), and even life-threatening (RR 1.00, 95%CI 0.06C15.94, = 1.00) unsolicited adverse reactions, there was no significant difference between the two groups. No case reports of death, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), myocarditis, or pericarditis disease were found in any individual RCT. Table 2 Overall adverse reactions and unsolicited adverse reactions within 28 or 30 days after whole vaccination process in inactivated vaccine group vs. control group. 0.00001; Supplementary Number 2, Table 3) and second doses (RR 1.76, 95%CI 1.67C1.85, 0.00001; Supplementary Number 2, Table 3), but no significant variations were found between the 1st and second dose organizations (RR 1.00, 95%CI 0.99C1.02, = 0.60; Supplementary Number 3, Table 4). Only one RCT (37) assessed possible local (RR 1.86, 95%CI 0.55C6.30, = 0.32; A-582941 Supplementary Number 2, Table 3) and systemic (RR 2.30, 95%CI 0.69C7.64, = 0.17; Supplementary Number 2, Table 3) adverse reactions after the third dose, and showed no significant difference between the two groups. Table 3 Total adverse reactions in vaccination group vs. control group. = 0.05Erythema/ Redness50.70 [0.62, 0.79]0 0.05*Induration12.00 [0.18, 21.71]Not applicable 0.05Pruritus/ Itch31.15 [0.39, 3.41]0 0.05Swelling60.79 [0.70, 0.89]0 0.05*Axillary Swelling11.11 [1.00, 1.23]Not applicable= 0.05Fever60.44 [0.37, 0.53]95 0.05*Cough31.76 [0.99, 3.12]0= 0.05Oropharyngeal pain13.00 [0.32, 28.35]Not applicable 0.05Headache60.65 [0.62, 0.69]65 0.05*Fatigue60.72 [0.69, 0.76]39 0.05*Myalgia60.59 [0.55, 0.64]39 0.05*Arthralgia40.52 [0.47, 0.58]0 0.05*Nausea/ vomiting10.47 [0.42, 0.54]Not applicable 0.05*Nausea31.24 [0.49, 3.11]0 0.05Vomiting51.26 A-582941 [0.58, 2.78]0 0.05Diarrhea41.45 [0.72, 2.94]0 0.05Anorexia21.81 [0.68, 4.83]32 0.05Chills30.44 [0.40, 0.48]41 0.05*Pruritus (systemic adverse reaction)13.00 [0.12, 72.77]Not applicable 0.05Aadorable allergic reaction/ Hypersensitivity10.33 [0.01, 8.13]Not applicable 0.05Abnormal skin and mucosa12.92 [0.31, 28.00]Not applicable 0.05Dysphagia10.33 [0.01, 8.09]Not applicable 0.05 Open in a separate window *= 0.01; Supplementary Number 4, Table 5). Table 5 Adverse reactions among vaccination group vs. control group. = 0.003; Supplementary Number 7, Supplementary Table 1) and fever after (RR 7.00, 95%CI 1.74C28.21, = 0.006; Supplementary Number 7, Supplementary Table 1) the 1st dose. After pooling all available data on specific.