To avoid false positives in the FSMI, fluorescent signal intensities for each antibody were considered positives when they had intensity at least 2.5 times the background level. 3.?Results 3.1.?Profiling the geochemistry of 1-m depth robotic drill in Ro Tinto sediments A simulated Mars drill (M) down to 1?m was performed having a rotary-percussive and fully autonomous robotic drill prototype on iron/sulfur-rich sediments in an evaporitic material about 10?m apart from the river stream (Fig. spatial heterogeneity of abiotic variables at local level highlights the importance of considering drill replicates in long term martian drilling missions. The multi-analytical approach provided proof of concept that molecular biomarkers varying in compositional nature, preservation potential, and taxonomic specificity can be recovered from shallow drilling on iron-rich Mars analogues by using an automated life-detection lander prototype, such as the one proposed for NASA’s Smoc2 mission proposal. prototype drill, Existence detection, Planetary exploration 1.?Intro Searching for organics, molecular biomarkers, and additional signs of recent or extant existence in Mars is one of the key objectives for present and future planetary exploration. Despite the current inhospitable conditions of the martian surface (dry, chilly, and exposed to high levels of ionizing radiation), the planet may have been habitable for microbial existence NAD 299 hydrochloride (Robalzotan) early in its history, with abundant sources of energy, carbon, nutrients, and shelter (Cabrol, 2018). Findings on the living of water (liquid in the past, freezing in present) on Mars (Mellon Existence mission concept (McKay analysis. Extreme terrestrial environments analogous to Mars present great potential for the simulation campaigns, as well as for making progress in understanding how existence may have adapted, spread, and remaining its fingerprints in the apparently inhospitable martian conditions. The Ro Tinto area (Southwestern Spain) provides a series of intense settings considered as geochemical and mineralogical analogs of particular areas in Mars. Particularly useful are the similarities between the Ro Tinto sulfide bioleaching products and the vast sulfate and iron oxide deposits recognized in the martian rocks (Fernndez-Remolar (Klingelh?fer mission lander (McKay sampler. Simulation experiments including organic-containing natural samples are highly useful for mission design, as they contribute to constrain how many samples should be analyzed, what is the heterogeneity and how to deal with it, or what’s the minimal details to define the objective baseline and threshold to be looked at successful. This biogeochemical research constitutes a initial strategy for the field function and bioanalytical recognition accomplished with an preferably and effectively funded Mars outcrop stones on Mars (Fernndez-Remolar (Klingelh?fer (689 masl) constitute the foundation from the Ro Tinto (Fernndez-Remolar (Fig. 1a), where regular flooding and drying out from the surfaces gives spot to abundant sulfate efflorescences, such as for example those observed on the tests campaign period (Fig. 1b). Its quick access as well as the existence of geomicrobiological NAD 299 hydrochloride (Robalzotan) data in the certain region [spp., spp.) people from the iron routine (Gonzlez-Toril sp., sp., sp., (Fig. 1). The lander-mounted program (computerized drill, robotic arm, and full-scale Phoenix-like lander deck) was deployed on the Mars-analog site (374330.99N and 63334.92W) (Fig. 1c). The Trident drill produced by Honeybee Robotics Spacecraft Systems Corporation (Brooklyn, NY) is NAD 299 hydrochloride (Robalzotan) certainly a 15?kg, rotary-percussive and autonomous robotic drill rated for lunar temperature ranges fully, with its very own AI software professional (Cup or M) in every 20-cm depth (surface area20, 20C40, 40C60, 60C80, and 80C100?cm) and autonomously transferred with the robotic arm to sterile polypropylene jars for offline evaluation. In parallel, another borehole profile (in the manual coring drill (G) (a), as well as the mineralogical structure from the components retrieved through the Mars robotic drill (M) and manual coring drill (G) information (b, c), predicated on X-ray diffraction evaluation. In (b, c), Al-clays comprise chlorite, vermiculite, montmorillonite, and kaolinite; whereas acidic sulfates consist of jarosite, natrojarosite, and copiapite. Al-clays, aluminous clays. Color pictures online can be found. Physical splitting and subsample managing were conducted putting on nitrile gloves and using solvent-cleaned stainless-steel materials (spatulas and scoops). A complete of 12 discrete.