This is an open access distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY).256 A similar study was conducted by Kalimuthu et al in 2018, demonstrating an alternative to paclitaxel (PTX) drug delivery by synthetically prepared exosome-mimetics (EMs). in terms of the mechanism as well as application in targeting various diseases and tissues. Through this review, we have tried to understand and review all that is already established and the gap areas that still exist in utilizing them as drug delivery vehicles targeting the bone. The review highlights the potential of the exosomes towards their contribution to the drug delivery scenario in the bone microenvironment. A comparison of the pros and cons of exosomes with other prevalent drug delivery systems is also done. A section on the patents that have been generated so far from this field is included. 0.05, ** 0.05. Adapted with permission from 0.05, ** 0.01, *** 0.001, **** 0.0001 vs mice treated with DID/FPC-Exo/Dex, # 0.05, ## 0.01, ### 0.001 Eprotirome are mice treated with DID/Lip/Dex compared to DID/Exo/Dex. (C) Histopathology analysis of ankle joints I) representative H&E staining, II) representative SO staining, III) histopathology score of SO staining. Data were expressed as meanSD (n=3) and analysed using one-way ANOVA with Dunnetts multiple comparisons test; ** 0.01, *** 0.001 vs mice treated with saline; # 0.05 is mice treated with Lip/Dex compared to with Exo/dex. Adapted with permission from Yan et al (2020). This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate Eprotirome credit to the Rabbit Polyclonal to 14-3-3 zeta original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).228 Translational Potential of Exosomes in the Field of Bone Therapeutics: Recent Patents Scientists are always trying to press forward to find out new possibilities of exosome engineering for therapeutic applications in a smarter way. Pertaining to this, some novel techniques for exosome-based bone disease diagnostics and treatment methods have been patented. The utilization of exosomes in the area of bone therapeutics holds strong translational potential as is evident from the patents available on exosomes. Based on some studies from Google patents and Espacenet (data obtained in 22/11/2020), a compiled list of certain recent patents that have been filed or granted on the use of exosomes in diagnostic and therapeutic applications towards bone diseases is provided in this section (Table 1). It encloses exosome-based delivery of the therapeutic drug, cargos like miRNAs to treat painful bone diseases, such as osteosarcoma, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoporosis. The utilization of exosomes for early disease diagnosis and detection based on measuring the level of some marker proteins and mRNAs is also included in the list. In most of the cases, the exosomes are isolated from either osteoblast lineage cells, or stem cells (bone marrow, umbilical cord, and adipose-derived), or monocytes and macrophages to avoid any chances of immunogenicity. From the given list of filed patents, it can be observed that apart from the exosomes loaded with therapeutic drugs or cargoes, naturally occurring exosomes with their inherent cargo are also important in the therapeutic applications. This proves the unique advantage Eprotirome of opting for exosomes as drug delivery systems. Table 1 Patents Related to the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Application of Exosomes Towards Bone Disorders 0.001 by Students 0.05), III) positive signal in flow cytometry for APC-CD81 antibody stained EXO and IDEM, IV) particle morphology revealed from scanning electron microscopy, V) presence of tsg-101 marker obtained from Western blotting. (B) I) Effect on 3D spheroid ovarian cancer model at 24h, 48h, 72h and 96h of treatment with 5g/mL of EXO and IDEM. Red arrows showing loss of integrity, change in color due to necrosis, II) percentage of cell viability showing greater effectiveness of IDEM-DOXO than only DOXO at 24 h and 96h (* 0.05). Data indicating EXO-DOXO to be most effective at all-time points (*** 0.001 at 72h and 96h). Data were analysed by a two-tailed Students 0.05, ** 0.01, *** 0.001. Adapted with permission from Pisano S, Pierini, I, Gu Jet al Immune (Cell) Derived Exosome Mimetics (IDEM) as a Treatment for Ovarian Cancer. em Front Cell Dev Biol /em . 2020;8: 553576.Copyright ? 2020 Pisano, Perini, Gu, Gazze, Francis, Gonzalez, Conlan and Corradetti. This is an open access distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY).256 A similar study was conducted by Kalimuthu et al in 2018, demonstrating an alternative to paclitaxel (PTX) drug delivery by synthetically Eprotirome prepared exosome-mimetics (EMs). To isolate Eprotirome EMs, human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were treated with PTX and serially extruded using polycarbonate membrane filters in a mini-extruder similar to the previously discussed example. This was followed by filtration and ultracentrifugation to get PTX-MSC-EMs. These synthesized EMs were.